What ensures that the user has the appropriate role and privilege to view data?

The concept that ensures the user has the appropriate role and privilege to view data is authorization. Authorization is the process that determines whether a user has permission to access specific resources or data based on their role within an organization. This is typically implemented through role-based access control (RBAC), where users are assigned roles that dictate their level of access to various data and functionalities.

When a user attempts to access a resource, the system checks the user's permissions against their assigned roles. If they have the necessary privileges associated with their role, access is granted; otherwise, it's denied. This is a crucial aspect of security, as it helps protect sensitive information by ensuring that only those with the proper authorization can view or manipulate it.

While authentication is the initial step that verifies a user's identity, it does not determine whether that user has permission to access particular data. Encryption is the technique used to secure data by making it unreadable without the appropriate decryption key, but it does not control access permissions. Multi-factor authentication enhances security during the authentication process by requiring additional forms of verification, but again, it does not manage role-based access or privileges.