Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities allow for what kind of attack?

The correct answer focuses on the nature of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities, which specifically allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into webpages viewed by other users. This is particularly dangerous because once the script is executed in the victim's web browser, it can manipulate the page content, steal cookies, or capture input data, such as passwords or personal information, without the user's consent or awareness.

XSS exploits rely on the trust users have in a particular website. When the malicious script runs, it is executed with the same permissions as the user who is accessing the site, which can lead to a wide variety of security issues. The effective execution of these scripts can impact user sessions and result in unauthorized actions being performed on behalf of the user.

This contextual understanding highlights why the second option is correct in relation to XSS vulnerabilities, as the essence of these attacks lies in their ability to execute arbitrary scripts within the user's browser environment.